This week we have been sharing posts on our social media about dog and cat eye health, in support of TVM UK‘s Pet Eye Health Awareness Week.
This article summarises what you should be looking for when assessing if your pet has healthy eyes, with advice for when to make an appointment with the vet.
Asymmetry
Careful observation of the way your pet looks and acts and what is classed as ‘normal’ for them is a first critical step for responsible pet care. Regarding eye health, any perceived changes in your pet’s eyes can be a good indication of whether or not a trip to your vet is warranted. Do both eyes look like each other, are the face and head symmetrical when comparing right to left?
Useful Observations:
- Do they both look shiny and clear, not dull, cloudy or dry?
- Are the pupils the same size and shape?
- Is one eye squinting?
- Is one eye runny with watery or sticky discharge?
- Is the colour the same? Does one look red? Has the iris suddenly changed colour?
If one eye is showing differences to the other eye, or any of the above clinical signs, please get your pet checked by your vet as soon as possible.
Irritation
Eyes are extremely sensitive and easily irritated – did you know that the cornea (clear surface of the eye) has around 20-40 times more nerve endings than the tooth root! And most of us know how painful tooth ache is…
If you believe that your pet is suffering from eye irritation you should contact your vet for advice as irritation can be a sign of eye pain or itchiness.
Symptoms that may suggest that your pet is suffering from eye irritation:
- Pawing/rubbing at their eye/s
- Redness
- Squinting or excessive blinking
- Excessive tear staining
- Sticky or runny discharge
- Light sensitivity
- Swollen skin around the eyes
- Dullness or cloudiness of the eye
- Different pupil sizes
Loss of vision
Like us pets often experience gradually failing eyesight as they approach their senior years and due to compensation using their other, superior, senses like smell and hearing, gradual sight loss may not be easily noticed by pet owners.
However, there are many other conditions which can cause your pet to go blind relatively suddenly at any age, so it important to be vigilant of sudden changes or symptoms.
Symptoms of sudden eyesight loss you may notice are:
- Changes in appearance of the eye
- Confusion/disorientation
- Clumsiness – bumping into things
- Easily startled or nervous
- Slow and cautious movement
- Getting lost outside
- Unable to find toys, food dishes, water etc.
- Not wanting to go out at night
Conditions causing blindness are serious and need urgent treatment if there is any remaining chance to prevent total, permanent vision loss. Blindness can also be a result of many systemic diseases which can be damaging to other organ systems so it extra important to get your pet checked and treated.
Tear Staining
Tear stains are those reddish-brown marks that can appear on the fur around your pet’s eyes. These stains can be noticeable, especially on pale fur.
Dog and cat tears naturally contain high amounts of porphyrins – these are iron containing compounds derived from red blood cell breakdown in the body. When tears sit on the skin the porphyrin staining will intensify in the presence of light. Not only that, when tears sit on the skin around the eye, they make it damp which favours local bacterial growth – some bacteria can produce their own porphyrins therefore contributing to tear staining.
Tear staining is more likely to occur in certain breeds where tears find their way onto the face more easily, rather than draining normally down the tear ducts. For instance, this may be due to the shape of the face, abnormalities of the tear ducts, or small hairs around the corners of the eye that wick tears onto the face.
In most cases tear staining is largely a cosmetic problem and your pet will lead an otherwise normal life, however some patients with tears stains may have underlying eye problems which mean they overproduce tears due to ocular irritation. These tears can then spill over onto the face resulting in tear staining. It is important to ensure underlying reasons for tear staining have been ruled out by a vet as, if ignored, the underlying problem may progress and be harder to treat.
Redness
Your pet’s eyes are as sensitive as your own, and are just as susceptible to irritation, allergies, injury, and disease. One of the earliest signs of many eye problems is a red eye. If your pet’s eyes appear visibly red or swollen get them checked promptly by your vet as some causes of a red eye are not only painful but can lead to permanent blindness if left untreated (such as glaucoma).
Common causes of redness:
- Conjunctivitis
- Allergies or irritants
- Foreign object in the eye
- Dry Eye (insufficient tear film)
- Injury
- Uveitis (inflammation inside the eye)
- Corneal Ulcers
- Glaucoma
- Cherry Eye
Dull, Cloudy or Colour Change
Healthy eyes should be bright, clear and shiny- if your pet’s eye suddenly looks cloudy or opaque this is a sure sign of an eye problem which needs to be examined by a vet!
Most often cloudiness is noticed in the cornea (the clear window at the front of the eye) or the lens- vision may be affected to varying degrees depending on the underlying cause.
Conditions most likely to cause cloudy or opaque eyes:
- Cataracts
- Uveitis- inflammation inside the eye
- Pannus- autoimmune inflammation in the cornea, German Shepherds are predisposed
- Injury or damage to the eye/s
- Corneal ulcers or scratches
- Dry Eye (insufficient tear film)
- Glaucoma
Nuclear Sclerosis is considered a normal ageing change in older pets where the lens takes on a cloudy or blueish haze – it doesn’t affect vision but can often be confused with cataracts on first glance. The vet can easily distinguish between the two conditions by doing an eye exam.
Runny or Sticky Eye
Eye discharge is common in pets. Some types are completely normal, while others may be associated with potentially serious health concerns. In order to determine when you need to take your pet to the vet, you’ll need to understand the various types of eye discharge and what each may mean.
5 most common types of eye discharge:
- A little ‘gunk’ or crustiness – generally made out of dried tears, oil, mucus, dead cells, dust etc. Typically, clear or a slightly reddish-brown colour that accumulates at the inside corners of the eyes. Most evident in the morning and is perfectly normal, with the amount produced each day being relatively constant. It should be easily removed with a damp cloth or eye cleansing solution made for pets. The eyes shouldn’t be red and shouldn’t exhibit any signs of discomfort.
- Watery Eyes – excessive eye watering (AKA epiphora) is associated with many different conditions that can range from being relatively minor to more serious. Your pet may have simply received an eyeful of pollen or dust, and the increased tearing is working to solve the problem. If eyes continue to water or your pet develops red, painful eyes or other types of eye discharge, make an appointment with your vet.
- Reddish-Brown Tear Stains – see section above.
- White-Grey Mucus – can be a sign of Dry Eye (AKA keratoconjunctivitis sicca), a condition where the tear film becomes inadequate. A normal tear film is vital for good eye health so the body tries to compensate by making more mucus to try and lubricate the eyes. Left untreated Dry Eye can result in severe discomfort and potentially even blindness.
- Yellow or Green Eye Discharge – pets whose eyes produce yellow or green discharge often have conjunctivitis or an eye infection.
If you are worried about your pet’s eye(s), book an appointment with one of our vets – give us a call on 01803 606059 (Torquay) or 843836 (Paignton), or book online. The vet will examine your pet’s eyes and may perform tests to check for any scratches/ulcers, to check tear production and to check the pressure inside the eye. Most pets tolerate having their eyes examined very well.