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  • Estradiol benzoate (also called Oestradiol benzoate) is a synthetic oestrogen. Estradiol is used for prevention of pregnancy after mismating (misalliance) in female dogs; the drug needs be…

  • Estriol (also called Oestriol) is a natural oestrogen. Oestrogens tighten the bladder sphincter. Estriol is used for the treatment of hormone-dependent urinary incontinence in spayed female…

  • Senior and geriatric dogs are at the stage of life at which the aging process is beginning to affect most organs. Some wear out faster than others, so it is important that older dogs do have…

  • Wounds vary according to: Cause, e.g. puncture wounds, abrasions and lacerations, etc. Site, e.g. paws, abdomen, eyes, etc. Level of contamination, clean (surgical) wounds, contaminated…

  • Orchidectomy is the removal of one or both testes. Castration is bilateral orchidectomy. Bilateral orchidectomy or castration, neuters or desexes the dog. It is often carried out for social…

  • Osaterone acetate is used in male dogs for the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. This means an increase in size of the prostate gland and this increase in size is not due to cancer.…

  • Infection of the external ear canal (outer ear) by mites, bacteria or yeast, is one of the most common types of infections seen in dogs. A dog with an ear infection is uncomfortable and the…

  • Today pain control is an important part of treatment for any condition in which it is considered that pain may be present. Even with relatively routine procedures, such as neutering, pain plays a part.

  • Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. This is a large gland on the anterior right side of the abdomen. It has two functions.

  • This is an immune mediated condition affecting the cornea or clear part of the eye. It occurs particularly in middle-aged German Shepherd Dogs. Immune mediated in origin, contributory factors…