Dog - Pannus

Chronic superficial keratitis

This is an immune mediated (caused by the immune system) condition affecting the cornea or clear part of the eye. It occurs particularly in middle-aged German Shepherd dogs.

What is the cause?

Immune mediated in origin, contributory factors include increased ultraviolet light, altitude, smoke, etc.

Is it inherited?

It may be inherited recessively in German Shepherd dogs.

Are other breeds affected?

It has been reported in Greyhounds, Lurchers, Border Collies and Long Haired Dachshunds but can occur in any breed. The greatest incidence is reported in the German Shepherd dog.

How is it diagnosed?

Diagnosis depends on the clinical signs. Initially there is a non-painful, pink, fleshy, elevated mass on the cornea usually on the outer portion. Both eyes are affected but one is often initially worse than the other. The third eyelid (nictitating membrane) also appears thick and sore (a variation of pannus involves just the third eyelid and is called nictitans plasmacytic conjunctivitis or plasmoma). In more chronic cases dark pigmentation and scarring is apparent on the cornea and spreads upwards and inwards. In advanced cases there is visual impairment. Blindness will follow if not treated. Tests are available to confirm diagnosis.

What is the treatment?

Treatment involves the use of topical corticosteroids or immune modulating drugs. Antibiotics are sometimes also needed. Treatment has to be life long. It is important that instructions regarding medication are carefully followed. Any medication must be completed as instructed. Once under control topical immune modifying drugs will often prevent recurrence but the ointment or drops need to be continued long term. Regular check ups and owner vigilance are imperative since the condition can relapse.

If corticosteroids do not work, can anything else be done?

In severe cases surgery is possible. However the majority of cases do respond to topical medication (eye ointment) provided instructions are closely followed.